diff options
| author | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> | 2018-09-28 14:56:58 -0400 |
|---|---|---|
| committer | Stefan Monnier <monnier@iro.umontreal.ca> | 2018-09-28 14:56:58 -0400 |
| commit | ac7421423cd977e96a8f06d12dc6abdbfcaabf5d (patch) | |
| tree | 836a1ff7a3de62bcc0291ff3926ffd25a6138f01 /etc/NEWS.1-17 | |
| parent | 857c2c271080ef62e57128f531cee6e974ca28fb (diff) | |
| download | emacs-ac7421423cd977e96a8f06d12dc6abdbfcaabf5d.tar.gz | |
* etc/NEWS.1-17: Use outline-mode and a more standard format
Diffstat (limited to 'etc/NEWS.1-17')
| -rw-r--r-- | etc/NEWS.1-17 | 621 |
1 files changed, 311 insertions, 310 deletions
diff --git a/etc/NEWS.1-17 b/etc/NEWS.1-17 index 63ef9a38559..cfa0b400cc5 100644 --- a/etc/NEWS.1-17 +++ b/etc/NEWS.1-17 @@ -8,21 +8,21 @@ This file is about changes in emacs versions 1 through 17. -Changes in Emacs 17 +* Changes in Emacs 17 -* Frustrated? +** Frustrated? Try M-x doctor. -* Bored? +** Bored? Try M-x hanoi. -* Brain-damaged? +** Brain-damaged? Try M-x yow. -* Sun3, Tahoe, Apollo, HP9000s300, Celerity, NCR Tower 32, +** Sun3, Tahoe, Apollo, HP9000s300, Celerity, NCR Tower 32, Sequent, Stride, Encore, Plexus and AT&T 7300 machines supported. The Tahoe, Sun3, Sequent and Celerity use 4.2. In regard to the @@ -30,24 +30,24 @@ Apollo, see the file APOLLO in this directory. NCR Tower32, HP9000s300, Stride and Nu run forms of System V. System V rel 2 also works on Vaxes now. See etc/MACHINES. -* System V Unix supported, including subprocesses. +** System V Unix supported, including subprocesses. It should be possible now to bring up Emacs on a machine running mere unameliorated system V Unix with no major work; just possible bug fixes. But you can expect to find a handful of those on any machine that Emacs has not been run on before. -* Berkeley 4.1 Unix supported. +** Berkeley 4.1 Unix supported. See etc/MACHINES. -* Portable `alloca' provided. +** Portable `alloca' provided. Emacs can now run on machines that do not and cannot support the library subroutine `alloca' in the canonical fashion, using an `alloca' emulation written in C. -* On-line manual. +** On-line manual. Info now contains an Emacs manual, with essentially the same text as in the printed manual. @@ -57,7 +57,7 @@ The manual can now be printed with a standard TeX. Nicely typeset and printed copies of the manual are available from the Free Software Foundation. -* Backup file version numbers. +** Backup file version numbers. Emacs now supports version numbers in backup files. @@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ to keep, overriding `dired-kept-versions'. A negative argument specifies the number of oldest versions to keep, using minus the argument to override `kept-old-versions'. -* Immediate conflict detection. +** Immediate conflict detection. Emacs now locks the files it is modifying, so that if you start to modify within Emacs a file that is being @@ -130,27 +130,27 @@ directory. If such a directory is not provided and told to Emacs as part of configuring it for your machine, the lock feature is turned off. -* M-x recover-file. +** M-x recover-file. This command is used to get a file back from an auto-save (after a system crash, for example). It takes a file name as argument and visits that file, but gets the data from the file's last auto save rather than from the file itself. -* M-x normal-mode. +** M-x normal-mode. This command resets the current buffer's major mode and local variables to be as specified by the visit filename, the -*- line and/or the Local Variables: block at the end of the buffer. It is the same thing normally done when a file is first visited. -* Echo area messages disappear shortly if minibuffer is in use. +** Echo area messages disappear shortly if minibuffer is in use. Any message in the echo area disappears after 2 seconds if the minibuffer is active. This allows the minibuffer to become visible again. -* C-z on System V runs a subshell. +** C-z on System V runs a subshell. On systems which do not allow programs to be suspended, the C-z command forks a subshell that talks directly to the terminal, and then waits @@ -158,18 +158,18 @@ for the subshell to exit. This gets almost the effect of suspending in that you can run other programs and then return to Emacs. However, you cannot log out from the subshell. -* C-c is always a prefix character. +** C-c is always a prefix character. Also, subcommands of C-c which are letters are always reserved for the user. No standard Emacs major mode defines any of them. -* Picture mode C-c commands changed. +** Picture mode C-c commands changed. The old C-c k command is now C-c C-w. The old C-c y command is now C-c C-x. -* Shell mode commands changed. +** Shell mode commands changed. All the special commands of Shell mode are now moved onto the C-c prefix. Most are not changed aside from that. @@ -182,7 +182,7 @@ is now C-c C-o, and C-x C-v (show output) is now C-c C-r. The old M-= (copy previous input) command is now C-c C-y. -* Shell mode recognizes aliases for `pushd', `popd' and `cd'. +** Shell mode recognizes aliases for `pushd', `popd' and `cd'. Shell mode now uses the variable `shell-pushd-regexp' as a regular expression to recognize any command name that is @@ -194,13 +194,13 @@ There are also `shell-popd-regexp' to recognize commands with the effect of a `popd', and `shell-cd-regexp' to recognize commands with the effect of a `cd'. -* "Exit" command in certain modes now C-c C-c. +** "Exit" command in certain modes now C-c C-c. These include electric buffer menu mode, electric command history mode, Info node edit mode, and Rmail edit mode. In all these modes, the command to exit used to be just C-c. -* Outline mode changes. +** Outline mode changes. Lines that are not heading lines are now called "body" lines. The command `hide-text' is renamed to `hide-body'. @@ -212,7 +212,7 @@ Changes of line visibility are no longer undoable. As a result, they no longer use up undo memory and no longer interfere with undoing earlier commands. -* Rmail changes. +** Rmail changes. The s and q commands now both expunge deleted messages before saving; use C-x C-s to save without expunging. @@ -229,23 +229,23 @@ o now outputs to an Rmail file, and C-o to a Unix mail file. The F command (rmail-find) is renamed to M-s (rmail-search). Various new commands and features exist; see the Emacs manual. -* Local bindings described first in describe-bindings. +** Local bindings described first in describe-bindings. -* [...], {...} now balance in Fundamental mode. +** [...], {...} now balance in Fundamental mode. -* Nroff mode and TeX mode. +** Nroff mode and TeX mode. There are two new major modes for editing nroff input and TeX input. See the Emacs manual for full information. -* New C indentation style variable `c-brace-imaginary-offset'. +** New C indentation style variable `c-brace-imaginary-offset'. The value of `c-brace-imaginary-offset', normally zero, controls the indentation of a statement inside a brace-group where the open-brace is not the first thing on a line. The value says where the open-brace is imagined to be, relative to the first nonblank character on the line. -* Dired improvements. +** Dired improvements. Dired now normally keeps the cursor at the beginning of the file name, not at the beginning of the line. The most used motion commands are @@ -259,22 +259,22 @@ printed in an error message. If the `v' command is invoked on a file which is a directory, dired is run on that directory. -* `visit-tag-table' renamed `visit-tags-table'. +** `visit-tag-table' renamed `visit-tags-table'. This is so apropos of `tags' finds everything you need to know about in connection with Tags. -* `mh-e' library uses C-c as prefix. +** `mh-e' library uses C-c as prefix. All the special commands of `mh-rmail' now are placed on a C-c prefix rather than on the C-x prefix. This is for consistency with other special modes with their own commands. -* M-$ or `spell-word' checks word before point. +** M-$ or `spell-word' checks word before point. It used to check the word after point. -* Quitting during autoloading no longer causes trouble. +** Quitting during autoloading no longer causes trouble. Now, when a file is autoloaded, all function redefinitions and `provide' calls are recorded and are undone if you quit @@ -284,14 +284,14 @@ As a result, it no longer happens that some of the entry points which are normally autoloading have been defined already, but the entire file is not really present to support them. -* `else' can now be indented correctly in C mode. +** `else' can now be indented correctly in C mode. TAB in C mode now knows which `if' statement an `else' matches up with, and can indent the `else' correctly under the `if', even if the `if' contained such things as another `if' statement, or a `while' or `for' statement, with no braces around it. -* `batch-byte-compile' +** `batch-byte-compile' Runs byte-compile-file on the files specified on the command line. All the rest of the command line arguments are taken as files to @@ -300,7 +300,7 @@ Must be used only with -batch, and kills emacs on completion. Each file will be processed even if an error occurred previously. For example, invoke `emacs -batch -f batch-byte-compile *.el'. -* `-batch' changes. +** `-batch' changes. `-batch' now implies `-q': no init file is loaded by Emacs when `-batch' is used. Also, no `term/TERMTYPE.el' file is loaded. Auto @@ -313,7 +313,7 @@ One echo-area message that is not suppressed is the one that says that a file is being loaded. That is because you can prevent this message by passing `t' as the third argument to `load'. -* Display of search string in incremental search. +** Display of search string in incremental search. Now, when you type C-s or C-r to reuse the previous search string, that search string is displayed immediately in the echo area. @@ -321,23 +321,23 @@ string, that search string is displayed immediately in the echo area. Three dots are displayed after the search string while search is actually going on. -* View commands. +** View commands. The commands C-x ], C-x [, C-x /, C-x j and C-x o are now available inside `view-buffer' and `view-file', with their normal meanings. -* Full-width windows preferred. +** Full-width windows preferred. The ``other-window'' commands prefer other full width windows, and will split only full width windows. -* M-x rename-file can copy if necessary. +** M-x rename-file can copy if necessary. When used between different file systems, since actual renaming does not work, the old file will be copied and deleted. -* Within C-x ESC, you can pick the command to repeat. +** Within C-x ESC, you can pick the command to repeat. While editing a previous command to be repeated, inside C-x ESC, you can now use the commands M-p and M-n to pick an earlier or @@ -353,24 +353,24 @@ The command you finally execute using C-x ESC is added to the front of the command history, unless it is identical with the first thing in the command history. -* Use C-c C-c to exit from editing within Info. +** Use C-c C-c to exit from editing within Info. It used to be C-z for this. Somehow this use of C-z was left out when all the others were moved. The intention is that C-z should always suspend Emacs. -* Default arg to C-x < and C-x > now window width minus 2. +** Default arg to C-x < and C-x > now window width minus 2. These commands, which scroll the current window horizontally by a specified number of columns, now scroll a considerable distance rather than a single column if used with no argument. -* Auto Save Files Deleted. +** Auto Save Files Deleted. The default value of `delete-auto-save-files' is now `t', so that when you save a file for real, its auto save file is deleted. -* Rnews changes. +** Rnews changes. The N, P and J keys in Rnews are renamed to M-n, M-p and M-j. These keys move among newsgroups. @@ -382,7 +382,7 @@ this change, are eliminated. The s command for outputting the current article to a file is renamed as o, to be compatible with Rmail. -* Sendmail changes. +** Sendmail changes. If you have a ~/.mailrc file, Emacs searches it for mailing address aliases, and these aliases are expanded when you send mail in Emacs. @@ -407,15 +407,15 @@ The new variable `mail-header-separator' now specifies the string to use on the line that goes between the headers and the message text. By default it is still "--text follows this line--". -* Command history truncated automatically. +** Command history truncated automatically. Just before each garbage collection, all but the last 30 elements of the command history are discarded. -Incompatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17 +* Incompatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17 -* `"e' no longer supported. +** `"e' no longer supported. This feature, which allowed Lisp functions to take arguments that were not evaluated, has been eliminated, because it is @@ -434,7 +434,7 @@ with (defun foo-1 (x y z) ... -* Functions `region-to-string' and `region-around-match' removed. +** Functions `region-to-string' and `region-around-match' removed. These functions were made for compatibility with Gosling Emacs, but it turns out to be undesirable to use them in GNU Emacs because they use @@ -450,24 +450,24 @@ the two functions `match-beginning' and `match-end'. These give you one bound at a time, as a numeric value, without changing point or the mark. -* Function `function-type' removed. +** Function `function-type' removed. This just appeared not to be very useful. It can easily be written in Lisp if you happen to want it. Just use `symbol-function' to get the function definition of a symbol, and look at its data type or its car if it is a list. -* Variable `buffer-number' removed. +** Variable `buffer-number' removed. You can still use the function `buffer-number' to find out a buffer's unique number (assigned in order of creation). -* Variable `executing-macro' renamed `executing-kbd-macro'. +** Variable `executing-macro' renamed `executing-kbd-macro'. This variable is the currently executing keyboard macro, as a string, or `nil' when no keyboard macro is being executed. -* Loading term/$TERM. +** Loading term/$TERM. The library term/$TERM (where $TERM get replaced by your terminal type), which is done by Emacs automatically when it starts up, now @@ -478,12 +478,12 @@ term-$TERM; thus, for example, term-vt100.el, but now they live in a special subdirectory named term, and have names like term/vt100.el. -* `command-history' format changed. +** `command-history' format changed. The elements of this list are now Lisp expressions which can be evaluated directly to repeat a command. -* Unused editing commands removed. +** Unused editing commands removed. The functions `forward-to-word', `backward-to-word', `upcase-char', `mark-beginning-of-buffer' and `mark-end-of-buffer' @@ -491,9 +491,9 @@ have been removed. Their definitions can be found in file lisp/unused.el if you need them. -Upward Compatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17 +* Upward Compatible Lisp Programming Changes in Emacs 17 -* You can now continue after errors and quits. +** You can now continue after errors and quits. When the debugger is entered because of a C-g, due to a non-`nil' value of `debug-on-quit', the `c' command in the debugger @@ -513,7 +513,7 @@ is not valid, another error occurs. Errors signaled with the function `error' cannot be continued. If you try to continue, the error just happens again. -* `dot' renamed `point'. +** `dot' renamed `point'. The word `dot' has been replaced with `point' in all function and variable names, including: @@ -526,7 +526,7 @@ function and variable names, including: The old names are still supported, for now. -* `string-match' records position of end of match. +** `string-match' records position of end of match. After a successful call to `string-match', `(match-end 0)' will return the index in the string of the first character after the match. @@ -534,7 +534,7 @@ Also, `match-begin' and `match-end' with nonzero arguments can be used to find the indices of beginnings and ends of substrings matched by subpatterns surrounded by parentheses. -* New function `insert-before-markers'. +** New function `insert-before-markers'. This function is just like `insert' except in the handling of any relocatable markers that are located at the point of insertion. @@ -542,7 +542,7 @@ With `insert', such markers end up pointing before the inserted text. With `insert-before-markers', they end up pointing after the inserted text. -* New function `copy-alist'. +** New function `copy-alist'. This function takes one argument, a list, and makes a disjoint copy of the alist structure. The list itself is copied, and each element @@ -552,30 +552,30 @@ remain shared with the original argument. This is what it takes to get two alists disjoint enough that changes in one do not change the result of `assq' on the other. -* New function `copy-keymap'. +** New function `copy-keymap'. This function takes a keymap as argument and returns a new keymap containing initially the same bindings. Rebindings in either one of them will not alter the bindings in the other. -* New function `copy-syntax-table'. +** New function `copy-syntax-table'. This function takes a syntax table as argument and returns a new syntax table containing initially the same syntax settings. Changes in either one of them will not alter the other. -* Randomizing the random numbers. +** Randomizing the random numbers. `(random t)' causes the random number generator's seed to be set based on the current time and Emacs's process id. -* Third argument to `modify-syntax-entry'. +** Third argument to `modify-syntax-entry'. The optional third argument to `modify-syntax-entry', if specified should be a syntax table. The modification is made in that syntax table rather than in the current syntax table. -* New function `run-hooks'. +** New function `run-hooks'. This function takes any number of symbols as arguments. It processes the symbols in order. For each symbol which @@ -584,7 +584,7 @@ called as a function, with no arguments. This is useful in major mode commands. -* Second arg to `switch-to-buffer'. +** Second arg to `switch-to-buffer'. If this function is given a non-`nil' second argument, then the selection being done is not recorded on the selection history. @@ -592,7 +592,7 @@ The buffer's position in the history remains unchanged. This feature is used by the view commands, so that the selection history after exiting from viewing is the same as it was before. -* Second arg to `display-buffer' and `pop-to-buffer'. +** Second arg to `display-buffer' and `pop-to-buffer'. These two functions both accept an optional second argument which defaults to `nil'. If the argument is not `nil', it means that @@ -602,7 +602,7 @@ the selected window. This feature is used by `switch-to-buffer-other-window'. -* New variable `completion-ignore-case'. +** New variable `completion-ignore-case'. If this variable is non-`nil', completion allows strings in different cases to be considered matching. The global value @@ -614,13 +614,13 @@ to change the value globally, but you might not like the consequences in the many situations (buffer names, command names, file names) where case makes a difference. -* Major modes related to Text mode call text-mode-hook, then their own hooks. +** Major modes related to Text mode call text-mode-hook, then their own hooks. For example, turning on Outline mode first calls the value of `text-mode-hook' as a function, if it exists and is non-`nil', and then does likewise for the variable `outline-mode-hook'. -* Defining new command line switches. +** Defining new command line switches. You can define a new command line switch in your .emacs file by putting elements on the value of `command-switch-alist'. @@ -638,26 +638,26 @@ examine this variable, and do (setq command-line-args (cdr command-line-args) to "use up" an argument. -* New variable `load-in-progress'. +** New variable `load-in-progress'. This variable is non-`nil' when a file of Lisp code is being read and executed by `load'. -* New variable `print-length'. +** New variable `print-length'. The value of this variable is normally `nil'. It may instead be a number; in that case, when a list is printed by `prin1' or `princ' only that many initial elements are printed; the rest are replaced by `...'. -* New variable `find-file-not-found-hook'. +** New variable `find-file-not-found-hook'. If `find-file' or any of its variants is used on a nonexistent file, the value of `find-file-not-found-hook' is called (if it is not `nil') with no arguments, after creating an empty buffer. The file's name can be found as the value of `buffer-file-name'. -* Processes without buffers. +** Processes without buffers. In the function `start-process', you can now specify `nil' as the process's buffer. You can also set a process's buffer to `nil' @@ -672,7 +672,7 @@ When a process has no buffer, its output is lost unless it has a filter, and no indication of its being stopped or killed is given unless it has a sentinel. -* New function `user-variable-p'. `v' arg prompting changed. +** New function `user-variable-p'. `v' arg prompting changed. This function takes a symbol as argument and returns `t' if the symbol is defined as a user option variable. This means @@ -686,7 +686,7 @@ user variables. The function `read-variable' also now accepts and completes over user variables only. -* CBREAK mode input is the default in Unix 4.3 bsd. +** CBREAK mode input is the default in Unix 4.3 bsd. In Berkeley 4.3 Unix, there are sufficient features for Emacs to work fully correctly using CBREAK mode and not using SIGIO. @@ -695,7 +695,7 @@ This mode corresponds to `nil' as the first argument to `set-input-mode'. You can still select either mode by calling that function. -* Information on memory usage. +** Information on memory usage. The new variable `data-bytes-used' contains the number of bytes of impure space allocated in Emacs. @@ -704,18 +704,18 @@ Emacs could allocate. Note that space formerly allocated and freed again still counts as `used', since it is still in Emacs's address space. -* No limit on size of output from `format'. +** No limit on size of output from `format'. The string output from `format' used to be truncated to 100 characters in length. Now it can have any length. -* New errors `void-variable' and `void-function' replace `void-symbol'. +** New errors `void-variable' and `void-function' replace `void-symbol'. This change makes it possible to have error messages that clearly distinguish undefined variables from undefined functions. It also allows `condition-case' to handle one case without the other. -* `replace-match' handling of `\'. +** `replace-match' handling of `\'. In `replace-match', when the replacement is not literal, `\' in the replacement string is always treated as an @@ -728,19 +728,19 @@ This level of escaping is comparable with what goes on in a regular expression. It is over and above the level of `\' escaping that goes on when strings are read in Lisp syntax. -* New error `invalid-regexp'. +** New error `invalid-regexp'. A regexp search signals this type of error if the argument does not meet the rules for regexp syntax. -* `kill-emacs' with argument. +** `kill-emacs' with argument. If the argument is a number, it is returned as the exit status code of the Emacs process. If the argument is a string, its contents are stuffed as pending terminal input, to be read by another program after Emacs is dead. -* New fifth argument to `subst-char-in-region'. +** New fifth argument to `subst-char-in-region'. This argument is optional and defaults to `nil'. If it is not `nil', then the substitutions made by this function are not recorded @@ -749,7 +749,7 @@ in the Undo mechanism. This feature should be used with great care. It is now used by Outline mode to make lines visible or invisible. -* ` *Backtrace*' buffer renamed to `*Backtrace*'. +** ` *Backtrace*' buffer renamed to `*Backtrace*'. As a result, you can now reselect this buffer easily if you switch to another while in the debugger. @@ -757,7 +757,7 @@ another while in the debugger. Exiting from the debugger kills the `*Backtrace*' buffer, so you will not try to give commands in it when no longer really in the debugger. -* New function `switch-to-buffer-other-window'. +** New function `switch-to-buffer-other-window'. This is the new primitive to select a specified buffer (the argument) in another window. It is not quite the same as @@ -768,7 +768,7 @@ leave the current window's old buffer displayed as well. All functions to select a buffer in another window should do so by calling this new function. -* New variable `minibuffer-help-form'. +** New variable `minibuffer-help-form'. At entry to the minibuffer, the variable `help-form' is bound to the value of `minibuffer-help-form'. @@ -779,7 +779,7 @@ the definition of C-h as a command). `minibuffer-help-form' can be used to provide a different default way of handling C-h while in the minibuffer. -* New \{...} documentation construct. +** New \{...} documentation construct. It is now possible to set up the documentation string for a major mode in such a way that it always describes the contents @@ -799,23 +799,23 @@ For example, the documentation string for the function `c-mode' contains Variables controlling indentation style: ... -* New character syntax class "punctuation". +** New character syntax class "punctuation". Punctuation characters behave like whitespace in word and list parsing, but can be distinguished in regexps and in the function `char-syntax'. Punctuation syntax is represented by a period in `modify-syntax-entry'. -* `auto-mode-alist' no longer needs entries for backup-file names, +** `auto-mode-alist' no longer needs entries for backup-file names, Backup suffixes of all kinds are now stripped from a file's name before searching `auto-mode-alist'. -Changes in Emacs 16 +* Changes in Emacs 16 -* No special code for Ambassadors, VT-100's and Concept-100's. +** No special code for Ambassadors, VT-100's and Concept-100's. Emacs now controls these terminals based on the termcap entry, like all other terminals. Formerly it did not refer to the termcap entries @@ -827,24 +827,24 @@ fixing up the termcap entry. See ./TERMS for more info. See ./TERMS in any case if you find that some terminal does not work right with Emacs now. -* Minibuffer default completion character is TAB (and not ESC). +** Minibuffer default completion character is TAB (and not ESC). So that ESC can be used in minibuffer for more useful prefix commands. -* C-z suspends Emacs in all modes. +** C-z suspends Emacs in all modes. Formerly, C-z was redefined for other purposes by certain modes, such as Buffer Menu mode. Now other keys are used for those purposes, to keep the meaning of C-z uniform. -* C-x ESC (repeat-complex-command) allows editing the command it repeats. +** C-x ESC (repeat-complex-command) allows editing the command it repeats. Instead of asking for confirmation to re-execute a command from the command history, the command is placed, in its Lisp form, into the minibuffer for editing. You can confirm by typing RETURN, change some arguments and then confirm, or abort with C-g. -* Incremental search does less redisplay on slow terminals. +** Incremental search does less redisplay on slow terminals. If the terminal baud rate is <= the value of `isearch-slow-speed', incremental searching outside the text on the screen creates @@ -857,7 +857,7 @@ The initial value of `isearch-slow-speed' is 1200. This feature is courtesy of crl@purdue. -* Recursive minibuffers not allowed. +** Recursive minibuffers not allowed. If the minibuffer window is selected, most commands that would use the minibuffer gets an error instead. (Specific commands @@ -873,7 +873,7 @@ you can probably understand recursive minibuffers. This may be overridden by binding the variable `enable-recursive-minibuffers' to t. -* New major mode Emacs-Lisp mode, for editing Lisp code to run in Emacs. +** New major mode Emacs-Lisp mode, for editing Lisp code to run in Emacs. The mode in which emacs lisp files is edited is now called emacs-lisp-mode and is distinct from lisp-mode. The latter is intended for use with @@ -884,7 +884,7 @@ called emacs-lisp-mode-hook. A consequence of this changes is that .emacs init files which set the value of lisp-mode-hook may need to be changed to use the new names. -* Correct matching of parentheses is checked on insertion. +** Correct matching of parentheses is checked on insertion. When you insert a close-paren, the matching open-paren is checked for validity. The close paren must be the kind @@ -894,9 +894,9 @@ preceded by quoting backslash syntax character is not matched. This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. -* M-x list-command-history -* M-x command-history-mode -* M-x electric-command-history +** M-x list-command-history +** M-x command-history-mode +** M-x electric-command-history `list-command-history' displays forms from the command history subject to user controlled filtering and limit on number of forms. It leaves @@ -913,7 +913,7 @@ which invoked `electric-command-history'. The original window configuration is restored on exit unless the command selected changes it. -* M-x edit-picture +** M-x edit-picture Enters a temporary major mode (the previous major mode is remembered and can is restored on exit) designed for editing pictures and tables. @@ -926,7 +926,7 @@ the documentation of function edit-picture for more details. Calls value of `edit-picture-hook' on entry if non-nil. -* Stupid C-s/C-q `flow control' supported. +** Stupid C-s/C-q `flow control' supported. Do (set-input-mode nil t) to tell Emacs to use CBREAK mode and interpret C-s and C-q as flow control commands. (set-input-mode t nil) switches @@ -955,18 +955,18 @@ The configuration switch CBREAK_INPUT is now eliminated. INTERRUPT_INPUT exists only to specify the default mode of operation; #define it to make interrupt-driven input the default. -* Completion of directory names provides a slash. +** Completion of directory names provides a slash. If file name completion yields the name of a directory, a slash is appended to it. -* Undo can clear modified-flag. +** Undo can clear modified-flag. If you undo changes in a buffer back to a state in which the buffer was not considered "modified", then it is labeled as once again "unmodified". -* M-x run-lisp. +** M-x run-lisp. This command creates an inferior Lisp process whose input and output appear in the Emacs buffer named `*lisp*'. That buffer uses a major mode @@ -977,21 +977,21 @@ lisp-mode-hook, in that order, if non-nil. Meanwhile, in lisp-mode, the command C-M-x is defined to send the current defun as input to the `*lisp*' subprocess. -* Mode line says `Narrow' when buffer is clipped. +** Mode line says `Narrow' when buffer is clipped. If a buffer has a clipping restriction (made by `narrow-to-region') then its mode line contains the word `Narrow' after the major and minor modes. -* Mode line says `Abbrev' when abbrev mode is on. +** Mode line says `Abbrev' when abbrev mode is on. -* add-change-log-entry takes prefix argument +** add-change-log-entry takes prefix argument Giving a prefix argument makes it prompt for login name, full name, and site name, with defaults. Otherwise the defaults are used with no confirmation. -* M-x view-buffer and M-x view-file +** M-x view-buffer and M-x view-file view-buffer selects the named buffer, view-file finds the named file; the resulting buffer is placed into view-mode (a recursive edit). The normal @@ -1004,7 +1004,7 @@ Each calls value of `view-hook' if non-nil on entry. written by shane@mit-ajax. -* New key commands in dired. +** New key commands in dired. `v' views (like more) the file on the current line. `#' marks auto-save files for deletion. @@ -1014,7 +1014,7 @@ file is renamed to same directory. `c' copies a file and updates the directory listing if the file is copied to the same directory. -* New function `electric-buffer-list'. +** New function `electric-buffer-list'. This pops up a buffer describing the set of emacs buffers. Immediately typing space makes the buffer list go away and returns @@ -1032,15 +1032,15 @@ Type C-h after invoking electric-buffer-list for more information. Calls value of `electric-buffer-menu-mode-hook' if non-nil on entry. Calls value of `after-electric-buffer-menu' on exit (select) if non-nil. -Changes in version 16 for mail reading and sending +** Changes in version 16 for mail reading and sending -* sendmail prefix character is C-c (and not C-z). New command C-c w. +*** sendmail prefix character is C-c (and not C-z). New command C-c w. For instance C-c C-c (or C-c C-s) sends mail now rather than C-z C-z. C-c w inserts your `signature' (contents of ~/.signature) at the end of mail. -* New feature in C-c y command in sending mail. +*** New feature in C-c y command in sending mail. C-c y is the command to insert the message being replied to. Normally it deletes most header fields and indents everything @@ -1050,7 +1050,7 @@ Now, C-c y does not delete header fields or indent. C-c y with any other numeric argument does delete most header fields, but indents by the amount specified in the argument. -* C-r command in Rmail edits current message. +*** C-r command in Rmail edits current message. It does this by switching to a different major mode which is nearly the same as Text mode. The only difference @@ -1063,31 +1063,31 @@ C-c and C-] are the only ways "back into Rmail", but you can switch to other buffers and edit them as usual. C-r in Rmail changes only the handling of the Rmail buffer. -* Rmail command `t' toggles header display. +*** Rmail command `t' toggles header display. Normally Rmail reformats messages to hide most header fields. `t' switches to display of all the header fields of the current message, as long as it remains current. Another `t' switches back to the usual display. -* Rmail command '>' goes to the last message. +*** Rmail command '>' goes to the last message. -* Rmail commands `a' and `k' set message attributes. +*** Rmail commands `a' and `k' set message attributes. `a' adds an attribute and `k' removes one. You specify the attribute by name. You can specify either a built-in flag such as "deleted" or "filed", or a user-defined keyword (anything not recognized as built-in). -* Rmail commands `l' and `L' summarize by attributes. +*** Rmail commands `l' and `L' summarize by attributes. These commands create a summary with one line per message, like `h', but they list only some of the messages. You specify which attribute (for `l') or attributes (for `L') the messages should have. -* Rmail can parse mmdf mail files. +*** Rmail can parse mmdf mail files. -* Interface to MH mail system. +*** Interface to MH mail system. mh-e is a front end for GNU emacs and the MH mail system. It provides a friendly and convenient interface to the MH commands. @@ -1103,9 +1103,9 @@ compiler switch. From larus@berkeley. -New hooks and parameters in version 16 +** New hooks and parameters in version 16 -* New variable `blink-matching-paren-distance'. +*** New variable `blink-matching-paren-distance'. This is the maximum number of characters to search for an open-paren to match an inserted close-paren. @@ -1118,13 +1118,13 @@ open-paren is found. This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. -* New variable `find-file-run-dired' +*** New variable `find-file-run-dired' If nil, find-file will report an error if an attempt to visit a directory is detected; otherwise, it runs dired on that directory. The default is t. -* Variable `dired-listing-switches' holds switches given to `ls' by dired. +*** Variable `dired-listing-switches' holds switches given to `ls' by dired. The value should be a string containing `-' followed by letters. The letter `l' had better be included and letter 'F' had better be excluded! @@ -1132,12 +1132,12 @@ The default is "-al". This feature was originally written by shane@mit-ajax. -* New variable `display-time-day-and-date'. +*** New variable `display-time-day-and-date'. If this variable is set non-`nil', the function M-x display-time displays the day and date, as well as the time. -* New parameter `c-continued-statement-indent'. +*** New parameter `c-continued-statement-indent'. This controls the extra indentation given to a line that continues a C statement started on the previous line. @@ -1147,7 +1147,7 @@ By default it is 2, which is why you would see bar (); -* Changed meaning of `c-indent-level'. +*** Changed meaning of `c-indent-level'. The value of `c-brace-offset' used to be subtracted from the value of `c-indent-level' whenever @@ -1157,20 +1157,20 @@ As a result, `c-indent-level' is now the offset of statements within a block, relative to the line containing the open-brace that starts the block. -* turn-on-auto-fill is useful value for text-mode-hook. +*** turn-on-auto-fill is useful value for text-mode-hook. (setq text-mode-hook 'turn-on-auto-fill) is all you have to do to make sure Auto Fill mode is turned on whenever you enter Text mode. -* Parameter explicit-shell-file-name for M-x shell. +*** Parameter explicit-shell-file-name for M-x shell. This variable, if non-nil, specifies the file name to use for the shell to run if you do M-x shell. Changes in version 16 affecting Lisp programming: -* Documentation strings adapt to customization. +*** Documentation strings adapt to customization. Often the documentation string for a command wants to mention another command. Simply stating the other command as a @@ -1201,12 +1201,12 @@ The new function `substitute-command-keys' takes a string possibly containing \[...] constructs and replaces those constructs with the key sequences they currently stand for. -* Primitives `find-line-comment' and `find-line-comment-body' flushed. +*** Primitives `find-line-comment' and `find-line-comment-body' flushed. Search for the value of `comment-start-skip' if you want to find whether and where a line has a comment. -* New function `auto-save-file-name-p' +*** New function `auto-save-file-name-p' Should return non-`nil' if given a string which is the name of an auto-save file (sans directory name). If you redefine @@ -1214,11 +1214,11 @@ auto-save file (sans directory name). If you redefine default, this function returns `t' for filenames beginning with character `#'. -* The value of `exec-directory' now ends in a slash. +*** The value of `exec-directory' now ends in a slash. This is to be compatible with most directory names in GNU Emacs. -* Dribble files and termscript files. +*** Dribble files and termscript files. (open-dribble-file FILE) opens a dribble file named FILE. When a dribble file is open, every character Emacs reads from the terminal is @@ -1231,51 +1231,51 @@ are also written in the termscript file. The two of these together are very useful for debugging Emacs problems in redisplay. -* Upper case command characters by default are same as lower case. +*** Upper case command characters by default are same as lower case. If a character in a command is an upper case letter, and is not defined, Emacs uses the definition of the corresponding lower case letter. For example, if C-x U is not directly undefined, it is treated as a synonym for C-x u (undo). -* Undefined function errors versus undefined variable errors. +*** Undefined function errors versus undefined variable errors. Void-symbol errors now say "boundp" if the symbol's value was void or "fboundp" if the function definition was void. -* New function `bury-buffer'. +*** New function `bury-buffer'. The new function `bury-buffer' takes one argument, a buffer object, and puts that buffer at the end of the internal list of buffers. So it is the least preferred candidate for use as the default value of C-x b, or for other-buffer to return. -* Already-displayed buffers have low priority for display. +*** Already-displayed buffers have low priority for display. When a buffer is chosen automatically for display, or to be the default in C-x b, buffers already displayed in windows have lower priority than buffers not currently visible. -* `set-window-start' accepts a third argument NOFORCE. +*** `set-window-start' accepts a third argument NOFORCE. This argument, if non-nil, prevents the window's force_start flag from being set. Setting the force_start flag causes the next redisplay to insist on starting display at the specified starting point, even if dot must be moved to get it onto the screen. -* New function `send-string-to-terminal'. +*** New function `send-string-to-terminal'. This function takes one argument, a string, and outputs its contents to the terminal exactly as specified: control characters, escape sequences, and all. -* Keypad put in command mode. +*** Keypad put in command mode. The terminal's keypad is now put into command mode, as opposed to numeric mode, while Emacs is running. This is done by means of the termcap `ks' and `ke' strings. -* New function `generate-new-buffer' +*** New function `generate-new-buffer' This function takes a string as an argument NAME and looks for a creates and returns a buffer called NAME if one did not already exist. @@ -1283,12 +1283,12 @@ Otherwise, it successively tries appending suffixes of the form "<1>", "<2>" etc to NAME until it creates a string which does not name an existing buffer. A new buffer with that name is the created and returned. -* New function `prin1-to-string' +*** New function `prin1-to-string' This function takes one argument, a lisp object, and returns a string containing that object's printed representation, such as `prin1' would output. -* New function `read-from-minibuffer' +*** New function `read-from-minibuffer' Lets you supply a prompt, initial-contents, a keymap, and specify whether the result should be interpreted as a string or a lisp object. @@ -1296,23 +1296,23 @@ Old functions `read-minibuffer', `eval-minibuffer', `read-string' all take second optional string argument which is initial contents of minibuffer. -* minibuffer variable names changed (names of keymaps) +*** minibuffer variable names changed (names of keymaps) minibuf-local-map -> minibuffer-local-map minibuf-local-ns-map -> minibuffer-local-ns-map minibuf-local-completion-map -> minibuffer-local-completion-map minibuf-local-must-match-map -> minibuffer-local-must-match-map -Changes in version 16 affecting configuring and building Emacs +** Changes in version 16 affecting configuring and building Emacs -* Configuration switch VT100_INVERSE eliminated. +*** Configuration switch VT100_INVERSE eliminated. You can control the use of inverse video on any terminal by setting the variable `inverse-video', or by changing the termcap entry. If you like, set `inverse-video' in your `.emacs' file based on examination of (getenv "TERM"). -* New switch `-batch' makes Emacs run noninteractively. +*** New switch `-batch' makes Emacs run noninteractively. If the switch `-batch' is used, Emacs treats its standard output and input like ordinary files (even if they are a terminal). @@ -1330,22 +1330,22 @@ way to accomplish this. The Lisp variable `noninteractive' is now defined, to be `nil' except when `-batch' has been specified. -* Emacs can be built with output redirected to a file. +*** Emacs can be built with output redirected to a file. This is because -batch (see above) is now used in building Emacs. -Changes in Emacs 15 +* Changes in Emacs 15 -* Emacs now runs on Sun and Megatest 68000 systems; +** Emacs now runs on Sun and Megatest 68000 systems; also on at least one 16000 system running 4.2. -* Emacs now alters the output-start and output-stop characters +** Emacs now alters the output-start and output-stop characters to prevent C-s and C-q from being considered as flow control by cretinous rlogin software in 4.2. -* It is now possible convert Mocklisp code (for Gosling Emacs) to Lisp code +** It is now possible convert Mocklisp code (for Gosling Emacs) to Lisp code that can run in GNU Emacs. M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer converts the contents of the current buffer from Mocklisp to GNU Emacs Lisp. You should then save the converted buffer with C-x C-w @@ -1365,7 +1365,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 15 to GNU lisp code, with M-x convert-mocklisp-buffer being the first step in this process. -* Control-x n (narrow-to-region) is now by default a disabled command. +** Control-x n (narrow-to-region) is now by default a disabled command. This means that, if you issue this command, it will ask whether you really mean it. You have the opportunity to enable the @@ -1373,7 +1373,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 15 This will place the form "(put 'narrow-to-region 'disabled nil)" in your .emacs file. -* Tags now prompts for the tag table file name to use. +** Tags now prompts for the tag table file name to use. All the tags commands ask for the tag table file name if you have not yet specified one. @@ -1382,12 +1382,12 @@ Changes in Emacs 15 specify the tag table file name initially, or to switch to a new tag table. -* If truncate-partial-width-windows is non-nil (as it initially is), +** If truncate-partial-width-windows is non-nil (as it initially is), all windows less than the full screen width (that is, made by side-by-side splitting) truncate lines rather than continuing them. -* Emacs now checks for Lisp stack overflow to avoid fatal errors. +** Emacs now checks for Lisp stack overflow to avoid fatal errors. The depth in eval, apply and funcall may not exceed max-lisp-eval-depth. The depth in variable bindings and unwind-protects may not exceed max-specpdl-size. If either limit is exceeded, an error occurs. @@ -1395,7 +1395,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 15 too large, you are vulnerable to a fatal error if you invoke Lisp code that does infinite recursion. -* New hooks find-file-hook and write-file-hook. +** New hooks find-file-hook and write-file-hook. Both of these variables if non-nil should be functions of no arguments. At the time they are called (current-buffer) will be the buffer being read or written respectively. @@ -1409,13 +1409,13 @@ Changes in Emacs 15 write-file-hook is called just before writing out a file from a buffer. -* The initial value of shell-prompt-pattern is now "^[^#$%>]*[#$%>] *" +** The initial value of shell-prompt-pattern is now "^[^#$%>]*[#$%>] *" -* If the .emacs file sets inhibit-startup-message to non-nil, +** If the .emacs file sets inhibit-startup-message to non-nil, the messages normally printed by Emacs at startup time are inhibited. -* Facility for run-time conditionalization on the basis of emacs features. +** Facility for run-time conditionalization on the basis of emacs features. The new variable features is a list of symbols which represent "features" of the executing emacs, for use in run-time conditionalization. @@ -1438,14 +1438,14 @@ Changes in Emacs 15 (if (not featurep FEATURE) (error ...)))) FILE-NAME is optional and defaults to FEATURE. -* New function load-average. +** New function load-average. This returns a list of three integers, which are the current 1 minute, 5 minute and 15 minute load averages, each multiplied by a hundred (since normally they are floating point numbers). -* Per-terminal libraries loaded automatically. +** Per-terminal libraries loaded automatically. Emacs when starting up on terminal type T automatically loads a library named term-T. T is the value of the TERM environment variable. @@ -1457,7 +1457,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 15 redefinitions and let the user's init file, which is loaded later, call that command or not, as the user prefers. -* Programmer's note: detecting killed buffers. +** Programmer's note: detecting killed buffers. Buffers are eliminated by explicitly killing them, using the function kill-buffer. This does not eliminate or affect @@ -1466,7 +1466,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 15 the buffer has been killed, use the function buffer-name. It returns nil on a killed buffer, and a string on a live buffer. -* New ways to access the last command input character. +** New ways to access the last command input character. The function last-key-struck, which used to return the last input character that was read by command input, is eliminated. @@ -1479,13 +1479,13 @@ Changes in Emacs 15 read for. last-input-char and last-command-char are different only inside a command that has called read-char to read input. -* The new switch -kill causes Emacs to exit after processing the +** The new switch -kill causes Emacs to exit after processing the preceding command line arguments. Thus, emacs -l lib data -e do-it -kill means to load lib, find file data, call do-it on no arguments, and then exit. -* The config.h file has been modularized. +** The config.h file has been modularized. Options that depend on the machine you are running on are defined in a file whose name starts with "m-", such as m-vax.h. @@ -1499,25 +1499,25 @@ Changes in Emacs 15 select the correct m- and s- files but will never have to change their contents. -* Termcap AL and DL strings are understood. +** Termcap AL and DL strings are understood. If the termcap entry defines AL and DL strings, for insertion and deletion of multiple lines in one blow, Emacs now uses them. This matters most on certain bit map display terminals for which scrolling is comparatively slow. -* Bias against scrolling screen far on fast terminals. +** Bias against scrolling screen far on fast terminals. Emacs now prefers to redraw a few lines rather than shift them a long distance on the screen, when the terminal is fast. -* New major mode, mim-mode. +** New major mode, mim-mode. This major mode is for editing MDL code. Perhaps a MDL user can explain why it is not called mdl-mode. You must load the library mim-mode explicitly to use this. -* GNU documentation formatter `texinfo'. +** GNU documentation formatter `texinfo'. The `texinfo' library defines a format for documentation files which can be passed through Tex to make a printed manual @@ -1532,7 +1532,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 15 This is not ready for distribution yet, but will appear at a later time. -* New function read-from-string (emacs 15.29) +** New function read-from-string (emacs 15.29) read-from-string takes three arguments: a string to read from, and optionally start and end indices which delimit a substring @@ -1551,14 +1551,14 @@ Changes in Emacs 15 -Changes in Emacs 14 +* Changes in Emacs 14 -* Completion now prints various messages such as [Sole Completion] +** Completion now prints various messages such as [Sole Completion] or [Next Character Not Unique] to describe the results obtained. These messages appear after the text in the minibuffer, and remain on the screen until a few seconds go by or you type a key. -* The buffer-read-only flag is implemented. +** The buffer-read-only flag is implemented. Setting or binding this per-buffer variable to a non-nil value makes illegal any operation which would modify the textual content of the buffer. (Such operations signal a buffer-read-only error) @@ -1568,12 +1568,12 @@ Changes in Emacs 14 by default to prevent accidental damage to the information in those buffers. -* Functions car-safe and cdr-safe. +** Functions car-safe and cdr-safe. These functions are like car and cdr when the argument is a cons. Given an argument not a cons, car-safe always returns nil, with no error; the same for cdr-safe. -* The new function user-real-login-name returns the name corresponding +** The new function user-real-login-name returns the name corresponding to the real uid of the Emacs process. This is usually the same as what user-login-name returns; however, when Emacs is invoked from su, user-real-login-name returns "root" but user-login-name @@ -1581,9 +1581,9 @@ Changes in Emacs 14 -Changes in Emacs 13 +* Changes in Emacs 13 -* There is a new version numbering scheme. +** There is a new version numbering scheme. What used to be the first version number, which was 1, has been discarded since it does not seem that I need three @@ -1594,7 +1594,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 13 Emacs when I distribute it; it will be incremented each time Emacs is built at another site. -* There is now a reader syntax for Meta characters: +** There is now a reader syntax for Meta characters: \M-CHAR means CHAR or'ed with the Meta bit. For example: ?\M-x is (+ ?x 128) @@ -1608,7 +1608,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 13 ?\C- can be used likewise for control characters. (13.9) -* Installation change +** Installation change The string "../lisp" now adds to the front of the load-path used for searching for Lisp files during Emacs initialization. It used to replace the path specified in paths.h entirely. @@ -1617,13 +1617,13 @@ Changes in Emacs 13 -Changes in Emacs 1.12 +* Changes in Emacs 1.12 -* There is a new installation procedure. +** There is a new installation procedure. See the file INSTALL that comes in the top level directory in the tar file or tape. -* The Meta key is now supported on terminals that have it. +** The Meta key is now supported on terminals that have it. This is a shift key which causes the high bit to be turned on in all input characters typed while it is held down. @@ -1643,10 +1643,10 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.12 explicitly, but not effective if the character comes from the use of the Meta key. -* `-' is no longer a completion command in the minibuffer. +** `-' is no longer a completion command in the minibuffer. It is an ordinary self-inserting character. -* The list load-path of directories load to search for Lisp files +** The list load-path of directories load to search for Lisp files is now controlled by the EMACSLOADPATH environment variable [[ Note this was originally EMACS-LOAD-PATH and has been changed again; sh does not deal properly with hyphens in env variable names]] @@ -1658,7 +1658,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.12 ignore EMACSLOADPATH, however; you should avoid having this variable set while building Emacs. -* You can now specify a translation table for keyboard +** You can now specify a translation table for keyboard input characters, as a way of exchanging or substituting keys on the keyboard. @@ -1709,20 +1709,20 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.12 (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\_) (+ 128 ?\^?)) (aset keyboard-translate-table (+ 128 ?\^?) (+ 128 ?\_)) -* (process-kill-without-query PROCESS) +** (process-kill-without-query PROCESS) This marks the process so that, when you kill Emacs, you will not on its account be queried about active subprocesses. -Changes in Emacs 1.11 +* Changes in Emacs 1.11 -* The commands C-c and C-z have been interchanged, +** The commands C-c and C-z have been interchanged, for greater compatibility with normal Unix usage. C-z now runs suspend-emacs and C-c runs exit-recursive-edit. -* The value returned by file-name-directory now ends +** The value returned by file-name-directory now ends with a slash. (file-name-directory "foo/bar") => "foo/". This avoids confusing results when dealing with files in the root directory. @@ -1730,13 +1730,13 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.11 The value of the per-buffer variable default-directory is also supposed to have a final slash now. -* There are now variables to control the switches passed to +** There are now variables to control the switches passed to `ls' by the C-x C-d command (list-directory). list-directory-brief-switches is a string, initially "-CF", used for brief listings, and list-directory-verbose-switches is a string, initially "-l", used for verbose ones. -* For Ann Arbor Ambassador terminals, the termcap "ti" string +** For Ann Arbor Ambassador terminals, the termcap "ti" string is now used to initialize the screen geometry on entry to Emacs, and the "te" string is used to set it back on exit. If the termcap entry does not define the "ti" or "te" string, @@ -1744,36 +1744,36 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.11 -Changes in Emacs 1.10 +* Changes in Emacs 1.10 -* GNU Emacs has been made almost 1/3 smaller. +** GNU Emacs has been made almost 1/3 smaller. It now dumps out as only 530kbytes on Vax 4.2bsd. -* The term "checkpoint" has been replaced by "auto save" +** The term "checkpoint" has been replaced by "auto save" throughout the function names, variable names and documentation of GNU Emacs. -* The function load now tries appending ".elc" and ".el" +** The function load now tries appending ".elc" and ".el" to the specified filename BEFORE it tries the filename without change. -* rmail now makes the mode line display the total number +** rmail now makes the mode line display the total number of messages and the current message number. The "f" command now means forward a message to another user. The command to search through all messages for a string is now "F". The "u" command now means to move back to the previous message and undelete it. To undelete the selected message, use Meta-u. -* The hyphen character is now equivalent to a Space while +** The hyphen character is now equivalent to a Space while in completing minibuffers. Both mean to complete an additional word. -* The Lisp function error now takes args like format +** The Lisp function error now takes args like format which are used to construct the error message. -* Redisplay will refuse to start its display at the end of the buffer. +** Redisplay will refuse to start its display at the end of the buffer. It will pick a new place to display from, rather than use that. -* The value returned by garbage-collect has been changed. +** The value returned by garbage-collect has been changed. Its first element is no longer a number but a cons, whose car is the number of cons cells now in use, and whose cdr is the number of cons cells that have been @@ -1781,42 +1781,42 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.10 The second element is similar but describes symbols rather than cons cells. The third element is similar but describes markers. -* The variable buffer-name has been eliminated. +** The variable buffer-name has been eliminated. The function buffer-name still exists. This is to prevent user programs from changing buffer names without going through the rename-buffer function. -Changes in Emacs 1.9 +* Changes in Emacs 1.9 -* When a fill prefix is in effect, paragraphs are started +** When a fill prefix is in effect, paragraphs are started or separated by lines that do not start with the fill prefix. Also, a line which consists of the fill prefix followed by white space separates paragraphs. -* C-x C-v runs the new function find-alternate-file. +** C-x C-v runs the new function find-alternate-file. It finds the specified file, switches to that buffer, and kills the previous current buffer. (It requires confirmation if that buffer had changes.) This is most useful after you find the wrong file due to a typo. -* Exiting the minibuffer moves the cursor to column 0, +** Exiting the minibuffer moves the cursor to column 0, to show you that it has really been exited. -* Meta-g (fill-region) now fills each paragraph in the +** Meta-g (fill-region) now fills each paragraph in the region individually. To fill the region as if it were a single paragraph (for when the paragraph-delimiting mechanism does the wrong thing), use fill-region-as-paragraph. -* Tab in text mode now runs the function tab-to-tab-stop. +** Tab in text mode now runs the function tab-to-tab-stop. A new mode called indented-text-mode is like text-mode except that in it Tab runs the function indent-relative, which indents the line under the previous line. If auto fill is enabled while in indented-text-mode, the new lines that it makes are indented. -* Functions kill-rectangle and yank-rectangle. +** Functions kill-rectangle and yank-rectangle. kill-rectangle deletes the rectangle specified by dot and mark (or by two arguments) and saves it in the variable killed-rectangle. yank-rectangle inserts the rectangle in that variable. @@ -1826,7 +1826,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.9 not be changed if the rectangle is later reinserted at a different column position. -* `+' in a regular expression now means +** `+' in a regular expression now means to repeat the previous expression one or more times. `?' means to repeat it zero or one time. They are in all regards like `*' except for the @@ -1836,19 +1836,19 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.9 when it is at the beginning of a word; \> matches the null string at the end of a word. -* C-x p narrows the buffer so that only the current page +** C-x p narrows the buffer so that only the current page is visible. -* C-x ) with argument repeats the kbd macro just +** C-x ) with argument repeats the kbd macro just defined that many times, counting the definition as one repetition. -* C-x ( with argument begins defining a kbd macro +** C-x ( with argument begins defining a kbd macro starting with the last one defined. It executes that previous kbd macro initially, just as if you began by typing it over again. -* C-x q command queries the user during kbd macro execution. +** C-x q command queries the user during kbd macro execution. With prefix argument, enters recursive edit, reading keyboard commands even within a kbd macro. You can give different commands each time the macro executes. @@ -1859,7 +1859,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.9 C-r -- enter a recursive edit, then on exit ask again for a character C-l -- redisplay screen and ask again." -* write-kbd-macro and append-kbd-macro are used to save +** write-kbd-macro and append-kbd-macro are used to save a kbd macro definition in a file (as Lisp code to redefine the macro when the file is loaded). These commands differ in that write-kbd-macro @@ -1868,26 +1868,26 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.9 record the keys which invoke the macro as well as the macro's definition. -* The variable global-minor-modes is used to display +** The variable global-minor-modes is used to display strings in the mode line of all buffers. It should be a list of elements that are conses whose cdrs are strings to be displayed. This complements the variable minor-modes, which has the same effect but has a separate value in each buffer. -* C-x = describes horizontal scrolling in effect, if any. +** C-x = describes horizontal scrolling in effect, if any. -* Return now auto-fills the line it is ending, in auto fill mode. +** Return now auto-fills the line it is ending, in auto fill mode. Space with zero as argument auto-fills the line before it just like Space without an argument. -Changes in Emacs 1.8 +* Changes in Emacs 1.8 This release mostly fixes bugs. There are a few new features: -* apropos now sorts the symbols before displaying them. +** apropos now sorts the symbols before displaying them. Also, it returns a list of the symbols found. apropos now accepts a second arg PRED which should be a function @@ -1901,26 +1901,26 @@ This release mostly fixes bugs. There are a few new features: C-h a now runs the new function command-apropos rather than apropos, and shows only symbols with definitions as commands. -* M-x shell sends the command +** M-x shell sends the command if (-f ~/.emacs_NAME)source ~/.emacs_NAME invisibly to the shell when it starts. Here NAME is replaced by the name of shell used, as it came from your ESHELL or SHELL environment variable but with directory name, if any, removed. -* M-, now runs the command tags-loop-continue, which is used +** M-, now runs the command tags-loop-continue, which is used to resume a terminated tags-search or tags-query-replace. -Changes in Emacs 1.7 +* Changes in Emacs 1.7 It's Beat CCA Week. -* The initial buffer is now called "*scratch*" instead of "scratch", +** The initial buffer is now called "*scratch*" instead of "scratch", so that all buffer names used automatically by Emacs now have *'s. -* Undo information is now stored separately for each buffer. +** Undo information is now stored separately for each buffer. The Undo command (C-x u) always applies to the current buffer only. @@ -1932,7 +1932,7 @@ It's Beat CCA Week. kept for buffers whose names start with spaces. (These buffers also do not appear in the C-x C-b display.) -* Rectangle operations are now implemented. +** Rectangle operations are now implemented. C-x r stores the rectangle described by dot and mark into a register; it reads the register name from the keyboard. C-x g, the command to insert the contents of a register, @@ -1950,7 +1950,7 @@ It's Beat CCA Week. delete the text of the specified rectangle, moving the text beyond it on each line leftward. -* Side-by-side windows are allowed. Use C-x 5 to split the +** Side-by-side windows are allowed. Use C-x 5 to split the current window into two windows side by side. C-x } makes the selected window ARG columns wider at the expense of the windows at its sides. C-x { makes the selected @@ -1960,7 +1960,7 @@ It's Beat CCA Week. C-x 2 now accepts a numeric argument to specify the number of lines to give to the uppermost of the two windows it makes. -* Horizontal scrolling of the lines in a window is now implemented. +** Horizontal scrolling of the lines in a window is now implemented. C-x < (scroll-left) scrolls all displayed lines left, with the numeric argument (default 1) saying how far to scroll. When the window is scrolled left, some amount of the beginning @@ -1972,17 +1972,17 @@ It's Beat CCA Week. regardless of the value of the variable truncate-lines in the buffer being displayed. -* C-x C-d now uses the default output format of `ls', +** C-x C-d now uses the default output format of `ls', which gives just file names in multiple columns. C-u C-x C-d passes the -l switch to `ls'. -* C-t at the end of a line now exchanges the two preceding characters. +** C-t at the end of a line now exchanges the two preceding characters. All the transpose commands now interpret zero as an argument to mean to transpose the textual unit after or around dot with the one after or around the mark. -* M-! executes a shell command in an inferior shell +** M-! executes a shell command in an inferior shell and displays the output from it. With a prefix argument, it inserts the output in the current buffer after dot and sets the mark after the output. The shell command @@ -1992,10 +1992,10 @@ It's Beat CCA Week. as input to the shell command. A prefix argument makes the output from the command replace the contents of the region. -* The mode line will now say "Def" after the major mode +** The mode line will now say "Def" after the major mode while a keyboard macro is being defined. -* The variable fill-prefix is now used by Meta-q. +** The variable fill-prefix is now used by Meta-q. Meta-q removes the fill prefix from lines that start with it before filling, and inserts the fill prefix on each line after filling. @@ -2003,35 +2003,35 @@ It's Beat CCA Week. The command C-x . sets the fill prefix equal to the text on the current line before dot. -* The new command Meta-j (indent-new-comment-line), +** The new command Meta-j (indent-new-comment-line), is like Linefeed (indent-new-line) except when dot is inside a comment; in that case, Meta-j inserts a comment starter on the new line, indented under the comment starter above. It also inserts a comment terminator at the end of the line above, if the language being edited calls for one. -* Rmail should work correctly now, and has some C-h m documentation. +** Rmail should work correctly now, and has some C-h m documentation. -Changes in Emacs 1.6 +* Changes in Emacs 1.6 -* save-buffers-kill-emacs is now on C-x C-c +** save-buffers-kill-emacs is now on C-x C-c while C-x C-z does suspend-emacs. This is to make C-x C-c like the normal Unix meaning of C-c and C-x C-z like the normal Unix meaning of C-z. -* M-ESC (eval-expression) is now a disabled command by default. +** M-ESC (eval-expression) is now a disabled command by default. This prevents users who type ESC ESC accidentally from getting confusing results. Put (put 'eval-expression 'disabled nil) in your ~/.emacs file to enable the command. -* Self-inserting text is grouped into bunches for undoing. +** Self-inserting text is grouped into bunches for undoing. Each C-x u command undoes up to 20 consecutive self-inserting characters. -* Help f now uses as a default the function being called +** Help f now uses as a default the function being called in the innermost Lisp expression that dot is in. This makes it more convenient to use while writing Lisp code to run in Emacs. @@ -2041,7 +2041,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.6 Likewise, Help v uses the symbol around or before dot as a default, if that is a variable name. -* Commands that read filenames now insert the default +** Commands that read filenames now insert the default directory in the minibuffer, to become part of your input. This allows you to see what the default is. You may type a filename which goes at the end of the @@ -2060,13 +2060,13 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.6 Set the variable insert-default-directory to nil to turn off this feature. -* M-x shell now uses the environment variable ESHELL, +** M-x shell now uses the environment variable ESHELL, if it exists, as the file name of the shell to run. If there is no ESHELL variable, the SHELL variable is used. This is because some shells do not work properly as inferiors of Emacs (or anything like Emacs). -* A new variable minor-modes now exists, with a separate value +** A new variable minor-modes now exists, with a separate value in each buffer. Its value should be an alist of elements (MODE-FUNCTION-SYMBOL . PRETTY-NAME-STRING), one for each minor mode that is turned on in the buffer. The pretty @@ -2076,7 +2076,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.6 turn on the minor mode if given 1 as an argument; they are present so that Help m can find their documentation strings. -* The format of tag table files has been changed. +** The format of tag table files has been changed. The new format enables Emacs to find tags much faster. A new program, etags, exists to make the kind of @@ -2092,13 +2092,13 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.6 The tags library can no longer use standard ctags-style tag tables files. -* The file of Lisp code Emacs reads on startup is now +** The file of Lisp code Emacs reads on startup is now called ~/.emacs rather than ~/.emacs_pro. -* copy-file now gives the copied file the same mode bits +** copy-file now gives the copied file the same mode bits as the original file. -* Output from a process inserted into the process's buffer +** Output from a process inserted into the process's buffer no longer sets the buffer's mark. Instead it sets a marker associated with the process to point to the end of the inserted text. You can access this marker with @@ -2106,27 +2106,27 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.6 and then either examine its position with marker-position or set its position with set-marker. -* completing-read takes a new optional fifth argument which, +** completing-read takes a new optional fifth argument which, if non-nil, should be a string of text to insert into the minibuffer before reading user commands. -* The Lisp function elt now exists: +** The Lisp function elt now exists: (elt ARRAY N) is like (aref ARRAY N), (elt LIST N) is like (nth N LIST). -* rplaca is now a synonym for setcar, and rplacd for setcdr. +** rplaca is now a synonym for setcar, and rplacd for setcdr. eql is now a synonym for eq; it turns out that the Common Lisp distinction between eq and eql is insignificant in Emacs. numberp is a new synonym for integerp. -* auto-save has been renamed to auto-save-mode. +** auto-save has been renamed to auto-save-mode. -* Auto save file names for buffers are now created by the +** Auto save file names for buffers are now created by the function make-auto-save-file-name. This is so you can redefine that function to change the way auto save file names are chosen. -* expand-file-name no longer discards a final slash. +** expand-file-name no longer discards a final slash. (expand-file-name "foo" "/lose") => "/lose/foo" (expand-file-name "foo/" "/lose") => "/lose/foo/" @@ -2140,7 +2140,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.6 delete-file call expand-file-name on the file name supplied. This change makes them considerably faster in the usual case. -* Interactive calling spec strings allow the new code letter 'D' +** Interactive calling spec strings allow the new code letter 'D' which means to read a directory name. It is like 'f' except that the default if the user makes no change in the minibuffer is to return the current default directory rather than the @@ -2148,9 +2148,9 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.6 -Changes in Emacs 1.5 +* Changes in Emacs 1.5 -* suspend-emacs now accepts an optional argument +** suspend-emacs now accepts an optional argument which is a string to be stuffed as terminal input to be read by Emacs's superior shell after Emacs exits. @@ -2158,28 +2158,28 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.5 to transmit text to a Lisp job running as a sibling of Emacs. -* If find-file is given the name of a directory, +** If find-file is given the name of a directory, it automatically invokes dired on that directory rather than reading in the binary data that make up the actual contents of the directory according to Unix. -* Saving an Emacs buffer now preserves the file modes +** Saving an Emacs buffer now preserves the file modes of any previously existing file with the same name. This works using new Lisp functions file-modes and set-file-modes, which can be used to read or set the mode bits of any file. -* The Lisp function cond now exists, with its traditional meaning. +** The Lisp function cond now exists, with its traditional meaning. -* defvar and defconst now permit the documentation string +** defvar and defconst now permit the documentation string to be omitted. defvar also permits the initial value to be omitted; then it acts only as a comment. -Changes in Emacs 1.4 +* Changes in Emacs 1.4 -* Auto-filling now normally indents the new line it creates +** Auto-filling now normally indents the new line it creates by calling indent-according-to-mode. This function, meanwhile, has in Fundamental and Text modes the effect of making the line have an indentation of the value of left-margin, a per-buffer variable. @@ -2188,7 +2188,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.4 it does that in all modes that supply their own indentation routine, but in Fundamental, Text and allied modes it inserts a tab character. -* The command M-x grep now invokes grep (on arguments +** The command M-x grep now invokes grep (on arguments supplied by the user) and reads the output from grep asynchronously into a buffer. The command C-x ` can be used to move to the lines that grep has found. @@ -2199,35 +2199,35 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.4 is proceeding; as more matches or error messages arrive, C-x ` will parse them and be able to find them. -* M-x mail now provides a command to send the message +** M-x mail now provides a command to send the message and "exit"--that is, return to the previously selected buffer. It is C-z C-z. -* Tab in C mode now tries harder to adapt to all indentation styles. +** Tab in C mode now tries harder to adapt to all indentation styles. If the line being indented is a statement that is not the first one in the containing compound-statement, it is aligned under the beginning of the first statement. -* The functions screen-width and screen-height return the +** The functions screen-width and screen-height return the total width and height of the screen as it is now being used. set-screen-width and set-screen-height tell Emacs how big to assume the screen is; they each take one argument, an integer. -* The Lisp function 'function' now exists. function is the +** The Lisp function 'function' now exists. function is the same as quote, except that it serves as a signal to the Lisp compiler that the argument should be compiled as a function. Example: (mapcar (function (lambda (x) (+ x 5))) list) -* The function set-key has been renamed to global-set-key. +** The function set-key has been renamed to global-set-key. undefine-key and local-undefine-key has been renamed to global-unset-key and local-unset-key. -* Emacs now collects input from asynchronous subprocesses +** Emacs now collects input from asynchronous subprocesses while waiting in the functions sleep-for and sit-for. -* Shell mode's Newline command attempts to distinguish subshell +** Shell mode's Newline command attempts to distinguish subshell prompts from user input when issued in the middle of the buffer. It no longer reexecutes from dot to the end of the line; it reeexecutes the entire line minus any prompt. @@ -2237,9 +2237,9 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.4 -Changes in Emacs 1.3 +* Changes in Emacs 1.3 -* An undo facility exists now. Type C-x u to undo a batch of +** An undo facility exists now. Type C-x u to undo a batch of changes (usually one command's changes, but some commands such as query-replace divide their changes into multiple batches. You can repeat C-x u to undo further. As long @@ -2256,45 +2256,45 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.3 for each buffer, so it is mainly good if you do something totally spastic. [This has since been fixed.] -* A learn-by-doing tutorial introduction to Emacs now exists. +** A learn-by-doing tutorial introduction to Emacs now exists. Type C-h t to enter it. -* An Info documentation browser exists. Do M-x info to enter it. +** An Info documentation browser exists. Do M-x info to enter it. It contains a tutorial introduction so that no more documentation is needed here. As of now, the only documentation in it is that of Info itself. -* Help k and Help c are now different. Help c prints just the +** Help k and Help c are now different. Help c prints just the name of the function which the specified key invokes. Help k prints the documentation of the function as well. -* A document of the differences between GNU Emacs and Twenex Emacs +** A document of the differences between GNU Emacs and Twenex Emacs now exists. It is called DIFF, in the same directory as this file. -* C mode can now indent comments better, including multi-line ones. +** C mode can now indent comments better, including multi-line ones. Meta-Control-q now reindents comment lines within the expression being aligned. -* Insertion of a close-parenthesis now shows the matching open-parenthesis +** Insertion of a close-parenthesis now shows the matching open-parenthesis even if it is off screen, by printing the text following it on its line in the minibuffer. -* A file can now contain a list of local variable values +** A file can now contain a list of local variable values to be in effect when the file is edited. See the file DIFF in the same directory as this file for full details. -* A function nth is defined. It means the same thing as in Common Lisp. +** A function nth is defined. It means the same thing as in Common Lisp. -* The function install-command has been renamed to set-key. +** The function install-command has been renamed to set-key. It now takes the key sequence as the first argument and the definition for it as the second argument. Likewise, local-install-command has been renamed to local-set-key. -Changes in Emacs 1.2 +* Changes in Emacs 1.2 -* A Lisp single-stepping and debugging facility exists. +** A Lisp single-stepping and debugging facility exists. To cause the debugger to be entered when an error occurs, set the variable debug-on-error non-nil. @@ -2337,7 +2337,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.2 You can mark a frame to enter the debugger on exit with the `b' command, or clear such a mark with `u'. -* Lisp macros now exist. +** Lisp macros now exist. For example, you can write (defmacro cadr (arg) (list 'car (list 'cdr arg))) and then the expression @@ -2347,9 +2347,9 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.2 -Changes in Emacs 1.1 +* Changes in Emacs 1.1 -* The initial buffer is now called "scratch" and is in a +** The initial buffer is now called "scratch" and is in a new major mode, Lisp Interaction mode. This mode is intended for typing Lisp expressions, evaluating them, and having the values printed into the buffer. @@ -2360,31 +2360,31 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.1 The other commands of Lisp mode are available. -* The C-x C-e command for evaluating the Lisp expression +** The C-x C-e command for evaluating the Lisp expression before dot has been changed to print the value in the minibuffer line rather than insert it in the buffer. A numeric argument causes the printed value to appear in the buffer instead. -* In Lisp mode, the command M-C-x evaluates the defun +** In Lisp mode, the command M-C-x evaluates the defun containing or following dot. The value is printed in the minibuffer. -* The value of a Lisp expression evaluated using M-ESC +** The value of a Lisp expression evaluated using M-ESC is now printed in the minibuffer. -* M-q now runs fill-paragraph, independent of major mode. +** M-q now runs fill-paragraph, independent of major mode. -* C-h m now prints documentation on the current buffer's +** C-h m now prints documentation on the current buffer's major mode. What it prints is the documentation of the major mode name as a function. All major modes have been equipped with documentation that describes all commands peculiar to the major mode, for this purpose. -* You can display a Unix manual entry with +** You can display a Unix manual entry with the M-x manual-entry command. -* You can run a shell, displaying its output in a buffer, +** You can run a shell, displaying its output in a buffer, with the M-x shell command. The Return key sends input to the subshell. Output is printed inserted automatically in the buffer. Commands C-c, C-d, C-u, C-w and C-z are redefined @@ -2393,7 +2393,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.1 enter them, so that the default directory of the Emacs buffer always remains the same as that of the subshell. -* C-x $ (that's a real dollar sign) controls line-hiding based +** C-x $ (that's a real dollar sign) controls line-hiding based on indentation. With a numeric arg N > 0, it causes all lines indented by N or more columns to become invisible. They are, effectively, tacked onto the preceding line, where @@ -2408,7 +2408,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.1 C-x $ with no argument turns off this mode, which in any case is remembered separately for each buffer. -* Outline mode is another form of selective display. +** Outline mode is another form of selective display. It is a major mode invoked with M-x outline-mode. It is intended for editing files that are structured as outlines, with heading lines (lines that begin with one @@ -2429,12 +2429,12 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.1 All editing commands treat hidden outline-mode lines as part of the preceding visible line. -* C-x C-z runs save-buffers-kill-emacs +** C-x C-z runs save-buffers-kill-emacs offers to save each file buffer, then exits. -* C-c's function is now called suspend-emacs. +** C-c's function is now called suspend-emacs. -* The command C-x m runs mail, which switches to a buffer *mail* +** The command C-x m runs mail, which switches to a buffer *mail* and lets you compose a message to send. C-x 4 m runs mail in another window. Type C-z C-s in the mail buffer to send the message according to what you have entered in the buffer. @@ -2442,7 +2442,7 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.1 You must separate the headers from the message text with an empty line. -* You can now dired partial directories (specified with names +** You can now dired partial directories (specified with names containing *'s, etc, all processed by the shell). Also, you can dired more than one directory; dired names the buffer according to the filespec or directory name. Reinvoking @@ -2455,9 +2455,9 @@ Changes in Emacs 1.1 C-x C-d (list-directory) also allows partial directories now. -Lisp programming changes +** Lisp programming changes -* t as an output stream now means "print to the minibuffer". +*** t as an output stream now means "print to the minibuffer". If there is already text in the minibuffer printed via t as an output stream, the new text is appended to the old (or is truncated and lost at the margin). If the minibuffer @@ -2472,17 +2472,17 @@ Lisp programming changes is ignored; each `read' from t reads fresh input. t is now the top-level value of standard-input. -* A marker may be used as an input stream or an output stream. +*** A marker may be used as an input stream or an output stream. The effect is to grab input from where the marker points, advancing it over the characters read, or to insert output at the marker and advance it. -* Output from an asynchronous subprocess is now inserted at +*** Output from an asynchronous subprocess is now inserted at the end of the associated buffer, not at the buffer's dot, and the buffer's mark is set to the end of the inserted output each time output is inserted. -* (pos-visible-in-window-p POS WINDOW) +*** (pos-visible-in-window-p POS WINDOW) returns t if position POS in WINDOW's buffer is in the range that is being displayed in WINDOW; nil if it is scrolled vertically out of visibility. @@ -2493,18 +2493,18 @@ Lisp programming changes POS defaults to (dot), and WINDOW to (selected-window). -* Variable buffer-alist replaced by function (buffer-list). +*** Variable buffer-alist replaced by function (buffer-list). The actual alist of buffers used internally by Emacs is now no longer accessible, to prevent the user from crashing Emacs by modifying it. The function buffer-list returns a list of all existing buffers. Modifying this list cannot hurt anything as a new list is constructed by each call to buffer-list. -* load now takes an optional third argument NOMSG which, if non-nil, +*** load now takes an optional third argument NOMSG which, if non-nil, prevents load from printing a message when it starts and when it is done. -* byte-recompile-directory is a new function which finds all +*** byte-recompile-directory is a new function which finds all the .elc files in a directory, and regenerates each one which is older than the corresponding .el (Lisp source) file. @@ -2528,5 +2528,6 @@ along with GNU Emacs. If not, see <https://www.gnu.org/licenses/>. Local variables: +mode: outline mode: text end: |